EASA MOD 9 ISS 03 REV 00 17012025

Okay, good evening, Selamat petang. It's probably what you said earlier. Selamat petang is a good evening in Malay. I just need you to do a quick attendance. Yesterday, please sign yesterday's and today's one. I forgot to bring yesterday's, so please sign also.

And we have a new student in Haleen. You can check your details. If there's any mistake, you can change.

Yes, thank you, Nian Paul.

So today, welcome to day 3. Welcome to day 3. So today we'll continue on where we left off yesterday. Yesterday we left off in 1996. However, today we have a new student offline. Maybe you can get her to introduce yourself. Maybe can you give me your name?

What do you work as? How long have you been there? What is your favorite? My name is Chimotan and I have researched in lecturers focused in Spokane and I've been there for over 2 years, 2 years.

I have... ... cold noodles. What about cold noodles? In Korean you have cold noodles. Cold noodles. They can get the power. Yeah. Yeah, yeah. Thank you, thank you. Thank you.

sing all right so let's continue from where we left off yesterday

Everyone is good today? Good? Friday? Friday? Good? Almost done with the class tomorrow, last day? Yeah. Ready for six hours tomorrow? Don't worry, don't worry. Okay, so is there any question about yesterday's topic?

Good. What is it? Usually human vector from the human vector a little bit different definition is manager and leader. General means is manager and leader.

As you know, manager is a little bit higher than leader But is by human factor is... ...sick In foreign meaning, you say manager is higher, leader is lower Ah, okay, understand

It's the same in the human factor. In the human factor, yes. Alright, so is there any more questions regarding this topic so far? Okay, alright, so let's start. Now, we will take a look at this management, or we'll call it an organization chart. You know what is an organization chart?

Have you heard of this word'organization chart'? *Hot-oh* Maybe, yeah, yeah, something like that. So an organization chart... Organization chart is basically you have person on the top, then you have the bottom, then you have

the other workers. So that is called an organization chart. Why is an organization chart important? It's so that everyone knows what is their roles and responsibilities. Okay, so we know who is the leader. So we can see here the leader is the accountable manager. He is the leader. And then you have this

In Chinese we call it Ma Zai or we call it in English is his workers. These are his workers, the managers and also the supervisors, certifying staff and support staff. So yesterday we mentioned about certifying staff. So certifying staff is basically what it means here is that

those who certifies for the aircraft. Certifies for the aircraft, those are called certifying staff, meaning to sign off the aircraft. So now we can see here, yesterday we mentioned about each of them has their own roles and responsibilities. So if everyone does their job correctly, what will happen is that the...

operation will run smoothly. Okay. Alright, so we'll continue.

Yeah, we can... Not this one. Back. Sorry. Okay, now we look into this. Now, we have the management here. Sorry, I said I'm used to the classroom, they're very big. So now it's a bit small.

Okay, so we have the management. Basically, what are their roles and responsibility? They are used to plan, organize, coordinate, command, and control. So in terms of management, what they do is they plan for the job.

that their workers need to do. And then organize is to ensure that everyone knows their job description and knows their responsibilities. Coordinating, ensure that there are enough human resources. And then you have commanding. Commanding means to do what?

a leader needs to do, which is to give leadership. And then controlling means to checking the progress against the plans. Meaning you say to ensure that the plan that has been given out, it is executed properly. So that is basically the role of a management. And you will see here, what are the managers in the organization chart? You have the accountable manager or the CEO. And then you also have the other managers. So these are the management, we call them the management.

Okay, so according to YASA, as you can see here, the organization shall appoint an accountable manager who has the corporate authority to ensure all maintenance can be financed. So the word here is finance. Finance. Right? Finance. Finance means the organization has enough money to run.

That is called finance. So that is the role of the accountable manager. Or usually we call him the CEO, Chief Executive Officer. And you have in the accountable manager shall nominate a person or group of persons representing the management structure. So we have to say the accountable manager

he has the authority to assign anyone to take the role of the management. So you can see here some example, you are the base or line maintenance manager and also the quality manager. These are essential or these must-have under the management. And the last one, the accountable manager shall dominate a person

or a group of persons to manage core compliance. Now, in aviation in Korea, you have the quality. So the quality manager, is it called a quality manager? Or is it called another name? Anyone knows? Is it called quality manager? I believe it's still called quality by Mr. Lee.

In usual, you can pay for the inspector or QA. QA, yeah. Quality or shoes? It's all right. QA. So let me explain to you, Yasa came up with this new thing. Last time, it used to be called as

QA, which is Quality Manager or Quality Assurance. Assurance. Quality Assurance. Now they have changed the name to become compliance.

Now, do you know what's the difference between quality assurance and compliance management? There is a difference. Do you all know what's the difference? Any idea? What is the difference?

and also quality assurance. What do you think? Is there a difference or there is not a difference?

Usually, it's a quality assurance. Quality assurance is including the compliance management. Okay, I agree, Mr. N. Now, when we talk about quality assurance, meaning you say that we are ensuring the quality of our product is good, right? That's what we call QC, quality compliance or quality check.

Now, YASN has no longer use this word. No longer use this word. No. They use compliance manager. Why they use compliance manager? Because essentially, quality job is to ensure that they adhere to the regulation.

That's why it's written here,"compliance" Compliance means, can someone help me? Compliance in Korean is called No, in the regular, regular Policy or some serious Yes, yes, yes "Gam-sap" "Gyu-jong-jun"

to ensure that they follow the rules because comes up comes up compliance by course comes up yes so that is compliance meaning to say this manager has to ensure that the

company is following the regulation. And that is essentially the job of a quality. But last time they used the word quality assurance means I ensure the quality of my maintenance, quality of my hair crop is correct. No problem is correct.

The more important thing is the bigger picture is actually ensuring that the company follows the law. Because if you follow the law, it means your aircraft is safe. That's why they changed the word to compliance. No longer quantity assurance.

Quality assurance is only for product. Okay, you might agree or disagree, but YASLA has already changed this word. No longer. So if you go to YAS, European countries, you ask them, "Do you have quality assurance management?" They will say,"What is that?" No more. If you ask them compliance monitoring,

It's called compliance monitoring. Monitoring manager means to ensure that the company attires to the procedures and the law. That is compliance monitoring manager. Right? This word.

Okay, you get me. So I'm not ensuring the product is good, but I'm ensuring the whole process of making sure the product is good follows the law. That's the most good. Any questions?

Yes, so far YASA regulations is compliance monitoring. But in Malaysia, we still maintain the word quality assurance. We have not changed yet.

So within a European country, they have all changed to compliance monitoring manager. So if you see the word compliance monitoring manager, it means it's actually an authority manager. Okay? Understood? So this is the concept, correct? It's a concept that is adopted by IASA. Not necessarily maybe Korea don't agree, it's fine. But IASA countries, they have all changed it to this.

maybe Malaysia will follow in because we also follow EASA regulations. So maybe we might change in the future. Just to let you know. Okay, very good. Now that is the regulation as you can see here. That is the regulation. So the regulations you can see is that

Now you can see that this Accountable Manager must have. Usually we call this in our term, we call it as MPH. These three positions, one, two, three, it's called MPH.

Do you think we can turn this one? So at least I can, it's in for me to write. Thank you. So I don't need to switch up and down. Okay so, I mentioned earlier is that, ah thank you.

So let's try Okay, so we call it as NPH NPH It's called Nominated Post-Oder This word NPH. Have you heard this in Korea before?

NPH, Mr. Ninh, have you heard this word before? Not really. Maybe in Korean, not in English. But nominated postcode means these people must be they must be approved by

the authority must be approved by the authority. So, who in this case is the authority, is the Iyasa. Must be approved by the authority that is the Iyasa. Meaning to say, these three persons

must go through an assessment or interview with YASA before they can become a person of the title. Because they are the main person in the organization. So that's what I call nominated post holder.

So probably. Okay. So we look at this one. Earlier was the management, and now we look at the supervisors. So the role of the supervisor is basically to monitor the staff doing the job.

So basically the shift supervisor will have a command from the managers. So the managers, they take care of the team, but the shift supervisor takes care of his own shift or his own group, and to ensure that they all do the job correctly.

So in the airline industry, what we have usually is, for example, you work in shift. Shift meaning to say you work because the airline operation is 24 hours, right? It's around the clock. And when is the time the aircraft is on the ground? When is the time the aircraft is on the ground? Morning or at night?

9. 9. 9, right? So you do maintenance at 9. So when you do maintenance at 9, what happens is that there must be a shift. So we call it a shift. So basically, usually you might have shift A or group A, and then you also have shift A.

Group B. So each of these groups, you have your own shift supervisors. Shift supervisors. So each of them must ensure that the task to be carried out on that day is completed. So that is basically the role of the supervisor.

In Korea, I'm not sure you have shifted or you call it as a duty and genius. Maybe you might be calling it as duty and genius. But different country might call it. Okay. So far any crisis. Yeah. Now.

This is how we talk about managers, supervisors. And now we look into the leadership. So leadership basically means what? This person basically is the one who motivates the team, with the enforced good attitudes and behavior demonstrated by example maintaining the role of fulfilling a management role. So like what Mr. Hinn said?

Leadership and management are they the same? In human factor, it can be considered the same because you can see here, a leadership or a leader, he also fulfills the role as a management or the manager. So basically, he can be a manager and he must show leadership. And leadership, I've learned that leadership basically means you must give the vision. Meaning you say that, right, TV.

Today we have so much task to carry out. I want all of you to be able to finish this on time. Right? So that we are able to enjoy the rest of the day, for example. Right? Instead of you do this, you do this, you do this, that is all. That is more like a manager, but a leader, he motivates the team. Alright? At the end of the day, I give you food, free food after you have finished all the job. So this is something that a leader would do.

So you cannot be like a boss. I want you to do this, copy it down, or you die, something like that. But you do not motivate them, you do not help them. That is actually a leader. So a manager must be both a leader and a manager. Alright? Because a boss,

usually can sit on his chair and tell you what to do. Tell you, you must do this. But he doesn't explain to you how to do it, right, sometimes. So as a leader, sometimes we guide. We must go to the floor and help our guides, not instead of sitting on the chair only. There's two ways to look at it.

Okay, but depends on that is whether you agree or not. Alright, so the decision making process depends on the different levels of in the organization. What are your levels in the organization? So each of these, as we see earlier, the accountable manager, the managers, chief supervisors, 35 staff, the support staff, each of them have their own decisions and decisions to make because depending on their job description,

Let's say if you are a researcher, your job is just to research and report. And then to carry out an experiment maybe. But you are not the one who's going to use it. So how? You must get the feedback from the user, for example. So you might not be the user, but you are the researcher. So each of you have your own responsibility. And the decision made is based on your understanding only. It doesn't base on other people's understanding. But if it's a good system, basically you get feedback from your user.

so that you can improve on your product. So same goes to this, basically based upon which position you are. For example, the accountable manager. He would not do the work of a technician. A technician basically, he would just fix the plate. But the accountable manager, he got more

problems to think of. How can he ensure, for example, that he has enough money to run the company? Because one day, his manager comes and tells him,"Boss, I do not have enough tools. I need to buy this." So then the accountable manager has to make a decision

Do I have enough money to buy the tools? That is his problem. That is his worries, his decision making. The staff at the bottom always complain, "I do not have enough tools." That's all. And their decision is, "If I do not have the tools, I don't work." As simple as that. So they do not think about the money.

So that's why the decision making depends on the different levels of responsibility in the organization. So today you might be a researcher, but maybe next time you might be a senior researcher. You have more responsibilities and your decision making has to be different. Right? And one day you might be a manager of your or head of department of your research company or your research department.

or maybe you become a manager of your shift or manager of maintenance. So it all depends on your position in the company. So if your position is just a researcher, you might just be concerned about your area, your own job score. You won't worry about

Do I have enough money to run the research? That one, I would ask my boss. My boss said, if you have money, I will run it. Right? If I do have money, I tell my boss, boss, I need money. So he will go and find ways to get the money to run the research for us. Or in the maintenance, it's basically, I do not have enough tools.

And that is a common problem in India. I'm not sure about Korean Air. You have enough tools? Now it's enough. But before the 10 years maybe, 10 years ago? Did you? I agree. Because why? Everything costs money in India. That's why I said, if you want to start an airline, Oscar airline,

Not easy, not easy. Because you need a lot of money. Especially tools and equipment all cost money and all in USD. USD increase, price only increase. So that is why it's the park. And even in Malaysia we face this problem, the tools are not a very good place. Because it's so expensive to buy.

And also spare parts, not easy, very expensive. And sometimes you have the money you cannot buy because it's short-ish. Unless you pay a lot of money, then you can get the items very fast. An example that I can share with you is the aircraft A320.

A320 A320 Let's try this A320 Okay, so you have the A320 New New entry option New entry option And the PW1100P

You have this in Korean? Yes, I do. You have it. Korean Air? Are your aircraft grounded or flying? Yeah, Korean Air. But has it been grounded last time for a period of time? It's a little bit of a process. Korean Air is a little bit of a

8-3-2-1 Oh 8-3-2-1 Okay, okay, 8-3-2-1 Now this aircraft has a lot of This engine, sorry Has a lot of The problem is There is the design failure Alright, the engine Run for certain hours, there is a crack In fatigue, crack

And many of these aircrafts are grounded because they do not have engines. And the problem did not exist. And a lot of these aircraft, especially in Philippines and India. India is one of the largest operators of PW110G. And the company, the airline is called Indigo.

and we're going to be legal, below legal. In legal, in like the largest 320 with PW1.2G. So this aircraft, a lot of them are grounded. And some of them, they have to scrap the aircraft. Right? It's cheaper to scrap than to maintain the aircraft because of the spare parts. Because when I scrap the aircraft, I can take the parts and sell it. I can earn more

they're maintaining the aircraft. Imagine. And these parts are very, very good. And in our company, in Malaysia, the carbon aircraft, we take the aircraft, we head up. Head up means we bring it apart and we take all of these parts and give it back to the owner. Because the owner wants to sell it

to get money. It earns more than selling the whole aircraft. Because the whole aircraft might cost you, let's say, 200 million. But the parts can be more than 200 million because of the value. So you can see parts are so, so expensive. Okay, very, very expensive. So that is why not many people can succeed in the airline industry. Many come out, many also fall out.

Okay, all right. So that is the side of the story. So let's continue. So this, for example, the Accountable Manager decides the policy and the direction of the company. So that is his decision to make as the Accountable Manager. And you have the Maintainance Manager decide whether these tasks can be carried out safely. Then you have the Supervisors to ensure that everything in the shift is carried out correctly.

And then you have the certifying staff to ensure he carries out the job maintaining the aircraft properly. And the technicians, they perform the job according to prime. So these are some of the examples that you can see in regards to the decision-making process of the organization. So what affects the decision-making?

For example, engineers usually have a problem, and the pilots usually might ask the engineer, "Can this aircraft fly?" If you're an engineer, and you go up to the captain, the aircraft can fly. Because as an engineer, you try to convince the pilot.

to take the aircraft, fly the aircraft. Because if the aircraft doesn't fly, it doesn't have money. So if the aircraft is on the ground, your boss behind you, ask the captain to fly the aircraft. And the captain will say, I open my M-E-L. Do you all know what is M-E-L? Minimum equipment list. Do you all know? So the M-E-L says he can go. But the captain will say, I do not want to go. So on.

So this is something that the engineers and pilots will face usually every day. Because the pilot wants to make sure that he flies the aircraft safely. Because if the aircraft crashed, he also will die. That's why he wants to ensure he and the passengers are safe. But at the engineer point of view, I know it's safe.

but I had to convince the pilot that it is safe. So it is not very, very easy. Okay, if you work in the airport, the line may end. You will understand. Alright, so this is basically what influenced them. It's usually number one, safety. Right, safety or OTP. Yesterday we discussed with Mr. Ng also.

Whether it's safety first or on-climb first. Because on-climb means I earn money. No complaints from passengers. But if safety is not number one, everything can move. That is the endurance. Okay? Alright. So what health tax is your decision making today? It also...

Take a look at your experience, we'll discuss this. The communication also and fatigue. When you are tired, don't make a decision because the decision you make most probably might not be good. Because you want to get a thing off very quickly when you're tired. So usually when you're tired, don't make a decision.

So how to make a decision then? Very simple. If you're tired, get another colleague to confirm whether it's okay to make a decision. So if your colleague says it's okay, then proceed. Something like that. And stress and time pressure, especially working in the airline and aviation industry, everything is about time. Because time is money.

Alright? So what happens of stress? You make the wrong decision sometimes. That's why you have to have advisors. That's why in aviation like I mentioned yesterday, teamwork is so important. If you don't work as a team, if you work alone, the decision you make might be not so good. Okay? That's why you have to work as a team.

That is how you can make good decisions. So as you can see here, this is seven steps of how to get good decisions. So number one is identify the decision. Take a look. What decision must I make? Number one. Number two, gather information. Gather some information about this decision. Okay. So let's say I have a problem.

Let's take a look at what is the problem. Gather some information. Number three, find ways to solve the problem. Is that plan A, plan B, plan C, and then weigh the evidence. Weigh the evidence means take a look at whether or not each decision is done.

And then choose among the alternatives. So choose which one you want to do. 10A, 10B, 10C, which is the best. And then take the action. And lastly, it's the most important. In SMS also the same. You have to review your decision. You have to take a look at whether this decision you made is good or not.

So that is how you can make full decisions. Alright. So far okay? Alright. So let me just show you one video before we continue.

Okay, let's take a look at this video. Very interesting. To err is human. For this reason, we've made mistakes as we've done with the fact is. And with stars, we tried and tried to fly, but physics were done by the sun. Then with a little bit of hot air,

We finally beat gravity and powered right into the wild gloomy on. And it wasn't long before we slipped into the First World War. Amazingly, more people were killed by poor decisions and sloppy training than machine guns of us. But with lessons learned, we blitzed our way through into the Second World War.

Aviation began to stream up. More power, more violence, more violence, but suddenly a lot more so we introduced science and the first rudimentary simulators started to trick reality. Then finally the dust settled and bombs were replaced by bombs.

and we saw passengers into the jet-edge. Pilots went from heroic risk-takers to wearing gold bars and wrangling with computers, and the airlines grew and grew. But so did the human factors, and they came thick and fast. And after several tragedies

We have to refocus on communication and teams. And in the 90s, we really started to look at the whole picture, not just in work, second jobs, in home and in play. So now we recognize that human error can occur anywhere, anytime, in any system.

So as we build our knowledge of human behavior, we'll continue to boldly go where we've never been before. So this is a very interesting regroup. Why I say so is because we are no longer in the era of

Aircraft only. We are in the era of drones. I'm not sure about the development of drones in Korea. Do you have already had drones flying around delivering products? Korea? Do you have that in the league? Korea?

developing okay what about drone taxi also so in the future we might no longer be dealing with aircraft we are dealing with drone of course now we have the most famous drone is basically in the Ukraine and Russia or they use drones to attack people suicide moment something like that

So you can see with this coming into the picture, we have more things to worry. It's no longer a plane can fly safely over the air. Now we have drones. So drones can be something that is good on back. Okay, good on back. Of course, now the Ukrainians have found a way to stop the drones from attacking them. Do you know how?

Have you seen the videos? How did they prevent the drones from taking them? Any like? Jamming them is one. Okay. Any other ways? To protect, let's say I don't have to take a jammer. A web, yes. They basically create a web

all over the road. So when the drones come, the propeller or the road door will be stuck on the web. So you can see, there is good, there is also bad. But that is the bad part about war. And so we can see here is that it's no longer about aircraft.

but also roads. Now, my question to you today is, what is the meaning of aircraft? Do you know the word aircraft? What is the meaning of the word aircraft?

Is it the same as airplane? Not the same? Why is it not the same? It's involved in everything.

In left? Okay. Newton's third law. Newton's third law. And that one is which means the wing is fixed. The wing is fixed. Yeah, it's the wing. You all agree with him? Yeah. Aircraft is general. Airplane is sixth wing.

Agree on this? Yes. Okay.

That is me. Military aircraft. Okay. Okay. Anyone else wants to try? What is the aircraft and have been seen or different? Good question. In New Jersey, the aircraft is safe USA or England I've got a

How can you say it? I just say the aircraft to aeroplane. No aeroplane. Aeroplane is England and aircraft is USA. Aha, okay. I understand. Okay, so aircraft is England or US? US. US, yes.

USA and airplane is England? Aeroplane, aeroplane. No, okay, okay. Aeroplane. Aeroplane. Have you heard this before? Aeroplane? Okay, yeah. Airplane? Not sure. Not sure. We are now more confused. We have three words now. Okay.

Aircraft is including an airplane and watercraft. Lighter. Lighter. Airship. Yes, airship. Hot air balloon. What airplane is?

Only fixed wing. Fixed wing. Yes. Our student is correct. Yes, it's correct. You also is correct. You are correct also. Basically, Airplane is USA. Alright. Aircraft is for both. So basically, Aircraft is for both.

as is mentioned before, is that anything that one can fly, not including animals, is anything man-made that can fly. That is a crowd. And is it included? Correct. Is basically

fixed wing, fixed wing and rotograph. Rotograph means helicopter. So airplane is US for fixed wing. So both of these are actually fixed wing. Alright, fixed wing.

UK, they call it Aeroplane. So when I learned in Malaysia, we call it Aeroplane. We don't call it Airplane because we follow the British system. But in Korea, we follow the US, so it's Airplane. Yeah, okay, so now you learn something to do. So aircraft, so drone, is it considered an aircraft?

Yes. Yes. Maybe. Right. Yeah, but aircraft means it's all is riding the human. What's on the screen? Yeah. Without the human riding the deron, it cannot call the aircraft. Okay. Can I call the aircraft? You want to say something?

Hmm. Not good. Or you think so? I mean, no. Thank you so much for your input. No problem. In my opinion, it can't mean... Mr. Yen has a point. He is a man. But let's say if he is an un-man, you may be.

Unmanned vehicle. Is it considered an aircraft? A fixed-wing UAD. Is it considered an aircraft? It is an aircraft because it can fly. So it's supposed to be, even for drone, if it's unmanned, it flies like a roto craft. It's supposed to be an aircraft also.

Agree. So to me, it is an aircraft. So in the future, that's why I'm not sure in Korea if it's a law for drones. We have a law. We have a radio announced. Okay, very good. Similar in Malaysia, we also have a law on that. So we need to say that it becomes part of an aircraft. That is why it's so dangerous because the drones can anytime be

suck into the engines, and that is very dangerous. That's why we have to take note in the future, when you are developing something like a drone, or because you're a researcher, just take note that how do you control the air traffic corners? It's something that I believe in the future, it has to be done. Because you have ATC for the aircraft and prototype.

aircraft, you must also have ATC for your drones. Right? How do you do that? So you must find out. But of course, it's quite simple. You have GPS. You must ensure that each of the drones must be registered. And you have GPS. And then from there, you are immediately tracked where is the drone. So then you know where is the flight path.

But whether or not the drones will hit each other, I don't know. Because do they have T-Cars? I don't think so. I don't think so they have T-Cars. Even though now you have T-Cars, the more advanced ones, I don't think the drones have. So how? So that's why drones are still developing, I agree, a developing thing in the country.

But in places like China, I believe you have seen videos, they can take from one place and deliver it to your place using phones. And now of course you know China, they have also drone robots, right? That is like a soldier, right? That is very scary. So they are coming to that in the future because of AR.

Okay, so that is something to illustrate about the decisions about drones. Very interesting. So we are going to take a look at this in the future. So maybe next time there are no more researchers for aircraft or aeroplane or airspace or space, but researchers for drones.

right? Okay. Now, at the end of the day, when we talk about decision, it is about this word, big word, is your core. Basically, it's your decision to make whether or not you want to follow the regulation, the quality, and worthiness, public safety, human performance, health and safety, responsibility, and accountability, all depends on you. It is your core. At the end of the day, you have to make a decision.

As researchers and also as pilots, as maintainers, we all face different types of decision making process. And of course, at the end of the day, our motto must always be"Safety First". Remember, we saw yesterday, one day maybe our family might be one that played. So we want to ensure it doesn't happen to all family members. So we'll do it.

Okay, so that is all for chapter 2 so far. You have made any questions. Okay, so what? Are you learning something? Something you learnt today? English word. English. UK and US very big difference. How do you all spell color? Color. Color. I was just saying, please. Editor error.

with a C O L O R, yeah right? color but C O L O R you all agree? you all spell it since young I was thinking it wrong how I spell it is C O L O R O U R

this is U-E American, this is UK, so that is how to spell it. Like recognize the difference Z-E-R-E-C-O-G-N-I-Z-E

American is Z, right? For British, it's S. So that is the difference in English. But it's in the same thing. Because American says, I can pronounce color, C-O-L-O-R, color. But British is color, L-O-U-R, color, R-L-E.

So they say you're a you here. So what do they mean this thing? Okay, that's a fun fact. Now we go into chapter 4. We go into chapter 4. It deals about factors affecting performance. So what can affect our performance? That is something that we're going to do.

Take a look here. So number one is fitness and health. So what can affect us is our fitness and health. So whether or not we are healthy. Okay, so I know in Korea, everyone does gym, right? Everyone does gym. But I see a lot of those guys very...

or"buff" we call it,"buff" so maintaining your mental health and physical health is important that's why we always recommend people to do some exercise so that you maintain healthy because those who are Gen Z, all of you here,

except us here, baby. All of you are talking about you. In your 20s, Mr. In, we can share it with you. Is that in your 20s, you don't feel pain, but your muscle or your body. I agree Mr. 88. I agree, you all. I never believe what happened. Uh,

When I have some seniors told me that at 30 you will feel this pain, that pain. I feel, you know what? Every day I play, I run, I like to play football. So I play football, I hurt myself, next day okay, no pain. But when I reach 30, he fought everywhere, he started to play. It's true, you can laugh now.

But you might think that impossible. I say that to myself because I like to run. I like because I'm an athletic person. So I feel that I won't get it because I'm very happy. But when you reach 20, everything starts to come back to you. So you have to start like, yeah. So you just start before 13, start running now.

start exercising so you at 30 you still feel that you are not so painful agree everybody who are above 30 yeah so i agree that is very early online you can also share yeah true don't laugh but you'll be next time because i used to laugh of it

So why is it so important is because if you do not exercise and then most likely or not you'll feel higher easily fatigue. That's why maintaining proper diet is number one important. Exercise, sufficient sleep, be content and happy and do regular check-ups. So that's how you can make decisions.

Because when you are fit, then you can make better decisions, you're not so able to make. So as you can see, according to IKUNX1, an applicant before issued with a license or type rating other than flat-foot members, means such requirement in respect of age, knowledge, experience, medical, fitness and skills,

as specific for that license. So it mentions here medical fitness. So in order for us to get license sometimes, we need to have medical checkup. Like pilots very often every six months, right? Every six months? Or every three months? One year. Okay. So it depends. In Malaysia, it's every six months. You have to do... Oh, one year medical checkup. Yes, but every six months, do you have...

simulator test or something like that Assessment Same, similar test Also one year Flight test Flight test One year One year once Okay So basically is that So every year you have to do medical checkup Every year you have to Do your assessment To pass in order for your license

machine to be like me. And that is the requirement, strict requirement for pilots. But for engineers, not so. Alright, because we are on the ground, we're not. Yeah. Same goes to all of us here. So we have to make sure that we are healthy. Alright. And number two, what can affect us is stress. Alright. We don't want to be like this person here.

throwing the spana at some really, right? When you're angry, you're stressed. And that is very, very difficult. I believe in Korea, I read some articles that the stress level is quite high in Korea. So remember, sometimes you just have to be like Malaysians. We call it

See that upper-mules don't care about anything. Okay? So chill. Mainly when I say"Papa" is chill. Why? So that life can be a little bit easier. Okay? Don't be so stressed. Now, stress. What happens to stress? You can see here. This is normally your brain cells, your neurons.

When it's stress, it shrinks. You can see it, it shrinks. So what happens when it shrinks? You can see one important point. Immune and digestive systems are temporarily adopted. Immune is your immune system, protecting your body. And then you have your digestive system, means your body.

your stomach. So when you are stressed and sparingly, do you notice that you don't feel good? Even if you don't eat lunch. Is that true? You're not hungry. But let's say you're stressed for 3-4 days. Suddenly, after that, you finish the project, you get sick.

Happened before or not? Has that happened before? Yes. Why? Because during that period when you are stressed, your immune system shuts down. Why? Because the blood, for example, the digestive system, the blood is used to digest your food. Right? So now the blood, instead of

of going to your stomach, it goes to your teeth so that you can perform more. Right, that's why your brain cells also strain. Okay, so what happens is that your immune and digestive system will shut down. So after you finish the project, you get sick because your body is... Okay, that's why when you're stressed, it's very important that you have to deal with the...

Okay, so be like a nation. I'm a nation. There you go, I'm a nation. Alright, chill. Okay, so the causes of stress to hide work load. Much work. Alright. But now, after work, I have to come to class. Are you stressed now?

No, no stress. We enjoy. Okay, great. Insufficient workload is making somebody feel that their skills are unused. If you do not have enough work, you feel that you are stressed also. Do you have such, like your boss will make you work on a day, you feel very stressed. I got no enough work.

Because I say in Korean, do you feel stressed when you don't have work? Or you feel happy? Happy, yeah? Happy. And sometimes there is a stress. Some of us stress is lower. Because then they say, then my boss will see me got no work in Malaysia. He see me no work, they give me more work.

So I'm stressed. Lack of control over work activities. Meaning to say that you do not have control over your work. Meaning to say, my boss want me to do this, this, this, this, but he doesn't give me the chance to do it my way. I have to do it his way. That's called micro-manage. Have you met that kind of boss before? I want you to do this, but do it my way. Don't do it your way.

So that can also be stress because I need to follow my boss instead of following what I can. Bullying or harassment. This one we all know. Lack of interpersonal support or poor working relationship with your colleagues. So you're not good relationship with your colleagues. That can also be stress.

People have been asked to do a job for which they have insufficient experience of training. So it's usually the case. Meaning you say you're given a task that you're not trained to do. I remember when I first got my license and then I worked on the aircraft. I really did not know what to do. I was scared. They asked me to do this. I really did not know what to do.

I was really scared, nervous. That gives me stress also. Cool physical working environment necessitates cold noise or inadequate lighting. It can also give you stress. So all of these are the causes of stress. You can identify it in your workplace if there is any.

So for those who are working in the office, most of my aim could be this. Or it could be this. Or it could be this. Right? So signs of stress, you are tired. Reduce work quality. Unable to make decisions.

loss of sense of humor. You like to laugh, but suddenly you don't laugh. You get sick, right? You basically cannot sleep well, insomnia, we call it. You increase sick leave, changes in working patterns, perhaps stay late or taking more hope. Not in phobia. Do you have such thing as if you... if you...

don't want to come to work, don't take a medical leave. Does that happen in Korea? For example, in Malaysia, this person don't want to come to work. He goes to the doctor even though he's not sick. He takes a medical leave. Does that happen in Korea? No. No.

Because usually medical relief is for those who are sick. But in Malaysia, they pay the doctor to give them medical certificate. There is such thing in Malaysia. Did that happen in Korea? No? It's illegal. It's also illegal in Malaysia.

But the doctors still do not worry. So that is in Malaysia. That's what they do. I had a lot of people telling me annual leave. We have annual leave about 14 days. And they say, I have medical leave 16 days. So I also have to use my medical leave. I have to make sure that my medical leave 16 becomes zero.

Meaning to that, I must take all my medical leave. So in that sense, it's not correct because medical leave is when used. So, meaning you say if there's something wrong, you are stressed. Okay, so hopefully it doesn't happen to you. Now, after a long time of stress, what happens is that you will feel that you get sick very easily. Cancer, depression, enzema, post-traumatic stress disorder, stomach illnesses, heart disease and asthma. So these are some of the signs that if you feel that you had this incident.

stress. But I think today everybody here very happy, no sleep, no stress. Okay. Oh, I think she's seeing cameras. Ah, okay. Okay, okay. So, last before we go for our break is that the remedy for stress.

So like I said, if you're stressed, what must you do? Take vacation, come to Malaysia, teach you what is no fast, okay? Just relax, right? We call the word"versal" tired. Versal time means you just sit on the beach and find out. Relax. Alright? If you're worried about being laid off, laid off means being fired,

It will come eventually, but make sure that you stay positive. Find another job for example. If you find you made the wrong career decision, maybe it's a time to change. So maybe today you're working in wherever you are, you think that maybe this job is not for me. Time to change. Because you're stressed.

Like I mentioned yesterday, you want to perhaps do something else, but in this job, you're just an office worker. You're not fulfilled. So change now. If you're in conflict with your co-workers, maybe you have to find a way to resolve it. If you're stressed having an effect, don't be afraid to get back. This is basically yet.

In Korea, in Malaysia last time, when we visit a counsellor, it means there's something wrong with me. People don't like that. But in Korea, do you often go and visit the counsellor? Do you often do that? Or is it something that Koreans don't like to do?

Because whenever we say we go to the counsellor, people say, oh, there means there's something wrong with this. In Asia. But in Korea, is it the same? Or is it normal to always go to see the counsellor, especially now for mental health? Not really. Not a comment. Not a comment.

Sorry. Okay, okay. Understood. So, but let me tell you, it's not a list, especially with mental health awareness. If you have, if you are not feeling so well, things like that, please visit the counselor. The counselor is not a doctor, but the counselor can help you to process your chronic.

so that you feel better. And that is what we call seek medical help. So if you have my wife is a doctor, medical doctor, but she's not a counsellor, but they also will tell you if you want to seek a counsellor, it will help you to feel better if you're stressed. If not, just come with me to Malaysia. We'll go and have a wee tea.

Okay. Alright, so we will take a short break right now. Now we are at 8.07. So we come back in, let's say 8.30. We come back at 8.30. Let's take a quick break. We come back at 8.30.

Stress! Do you think stress is good or stress is bad? Good. Sometimes I ask you a question. Good. Good. Good point. Good. Okay. Sometimes bad. Sometimes I see. When I say that there is stress, it is good. But it is a... It is the my capacity. Yes, yes. No good. Ah, okay. The rest of it, you think stress is good or stress is not so good. That's bad. That the stress makes me...

I'm going to do it. Okay, that's it. Okay, I understand. Okay, I'm going to do it right. Now, stress, as you can see here, this is, we call it the stress level. So, in green is too little stress. In red, too much stress. Okay. So, if you have too little stress, means under load. Like I said, you come to work, no stress.

Go home, that's all. No stress at all. You might feel very, they call it laid back. Means inactive, nothing to do. No stress. Underperform. Okay. However, if you have too much stress, you become sick, panicked, or overstressed. So what we need is

They call it as optimum stress. Why is it important? Because if there is no stress, then we feel that, for example, I want this job to be done by 12:00 PM today. So there is some stress there because I must finish by 12:00 PM. If not, my boss will score me. So what happens? You will work hard

to do and finish by 12 years. And that is stress. It's good stress. Alright? But if you do not have stress, let's say, "Okay lah, I say two weeks later, you can give me your work." Two weeks later. So there's no stress. I take my time. So you will underperform. Okay? So that is why you must have some level of stress, and that is optimus.

So a little bit stress so that you can perform, but not too much that you feel overworked or burned. Okay, so when do you feel burned out is that you feel that nothing you do matters or you feel that whatever you do is no point or you feel very tired.

So that is a sign of burnout. I had an instructor who told me like this: If every day I come to work, I come to work without forcing myself out of bed, that job is a good job. If I have to force myself out of the bed every day,

means it's not a good job. Because if you force yourself, it's most likely you do not like it. And perhaps you are already good enough, means you're already too tired of the job. I don't want to go to work. So then my instructor told me like this, if the day, if people ask you, when is you going to change jobs,

His answer would be like this: The day I feel that I have to force myself to wake up to work, that is the day I will decide I don't want to work at it. I will resign. Because that is too much stress for me. But in that day, every day he wakes up,

does not need to force himself to wake up, meaning you say that the job is still good. So you can ask yourself today, do I force myself to wake up to go to? If yes, maybe you have to think again about the job. Maybe it's suitable for you. Or it's giving you too much.

That is something that you can think about. I see some of you laugh. Some of you have to think about your job again. Alright, but you can think about that yourself. So this is what we call as a stress curve. This is basically how I'm going to skew you.

No, what is the level of stress? So what are your stresses? Stresses are basically things that cause you to be stressed. For example, high pressure and deadlines are very neutral in the innovation industry because everything is money. Workload, whether it's too little or too much. Shift work can also affect your...

especially when you're working at night. When you're working at night, you become tired because a natural human being, you are not supposed to work at night. Okay? And I used to work last time 12 hours a day. Have you ever worked 12 hours before? Anyone who worked 12 hours a day? Oh, the current 12 hours.

12 hours. Have you worked 12 hours before? Against Korean labour law, is it? You cannot work more than 12 hours a day. Is it? Anyone work 12 hours before? Anyone? You work before? 12 hours? What job is that?

I have that big answer because he's a station worker.

I'm not going to do this. I'm not going to do this. I'm not going to do this. But now, you have to work 12 hours. You have to work 8 hours. Your piece is not going to work. I'm not going to work. It's about 7 hours. What?

Sometimes 6... I'm not going to 12:00. I'm not going to go to 12:00. Right, so... Yes, we draw our info. Oh, we... When we... Oh, no. We didn't know what we were. Oh, we didn't know what we were. Of course, of course.

Or all of you served military before? All of you? Well, you were exemplified. So everyone had lunch for 12 hours. But work for 12 hours? Military. Good. Now, at night especially, you get very tired. So, when you're doing maintenance, around...

two to three a clock, I feel very tired, I start to close, but I still have to do the job. It's very dangerous because you might make a mistake. And some job takes four hours to clean, especially cleaning the heat. That is one thing to do, but it takes four hours. So especially doing a night very tired.

So that can also cause you to stress. Noise and fumes, noise can also cause you to stress. Illumination like this, if it's very dark, you hit it stress because you cannot look well. Climate and temperature, alright, cold, too cold. I actually working in the winter is not fun. Because I also experienced it because aircraft A-O-G in China.

I was flying to China, supposed to have a transit and fly back to the nature. But the aircraft had a problem, had a film leak from the engine. Film leak. So what happened, the aircraft were grounded for 5 days and that was during winter. And the temperature is about 4 degrees. So I have to work with my head shaking, I'm not used to it. Maybe cold rains you're used to it, but in Malaysia you're not used to it. So it's very very difficult, so that can also give you stress.

Motion and vibration can also give you stress. Vibration. Complex systems, too complicated. Hazard in the workplace. Lack of manpower, distraction, and interruption. So these all can be stresses causing you stress. So you have to identify if you're stressed, what are you stressed about?

Okay, what are you stressed about? What are you stressed about? So, of course, the easiest word is to chill. Chill. So that you have less stress. But of course, it's easier said than done. Maybe you said because of work, you don't know your choice. So that's why sometimes it's good that you have a hobby. Now in Korea, is it the...

Do you play Pickleball? Do you know what it's Pickleball? Pickleball. Pickleball. Pickleball. Pickleball. Pickleball. Pickleball. You all know what it is? Have you played before? I watched it, but... You watched it before? Before it's Pickleball. Curious, not famous, huh? It's a very popular thing.

요즘에 유행해요 낮아요. 네. 그물이 큰 탁구야 응 흰 탁구야

You all know what you did? Oh, still do not. Never seen that before. Very interesting.

This is quite famous everywhere now There's one this sport have you seen before? Pickleball Just Ping pong Like ping pong like tennis In the middle

Have y'all played before, anyone? No? No played before? Okay. You like? Yeah, yeah, it's good. It's just like tennis can be more. But yeah, it's nice. So this is, so you must have a hobby. What I'm trying to say here is you must be able to do something to relieve your stress.

Okay? So not every day is about work, work, work, work, work. Be able to relax. Alright? Okay, so now we talk about time pressure and self-imposed pressure. So there's two types of pressure. One is time pressure. One is self-imposed pressure. What does it mean?

Time pressure is basically people give you a deadline to finish by when. That is time pressure. But self-imposed pressure, meaning you see that no one gives you a deadline. But you give yourself a deadline. And that is also a success. Okay, just like in Malaysia,

We always say in our final exam, we must get straight A's. That is a self-imposed pressure so that we can perform. It's okay, but if it's too much, then it can cause you to have manito. Okay? That is something that we must be careful about. Alright? Inappropriate pressure applied to an individual or maintenance team to achieve a task in the same place. Actual and self-imposed pressure can be significant dryers for errors and maintenance shortcuts.

So what I said here is especially in aircraft cadence, in aircraft, when you have time pressure, when you talk about OTP, what happens is that we want to finish the job fast, but usually that comes with any shortcuts. And that is one move. In animation, we cannot take shortcuts because we have to follow the procedure. If we miss one step,

What happens is that we might have an accident. Here's an example maybe I can show you later after the break also. I mentioned yesterday is the 787. The no standing deal collapsed. I just read yesterday what was the problem. Later we will discuss that because it's human fact. Okay, that's the latest news I will share with you.

maybe after the break or tomorrow, maybe at times, since more people tomorrow. Okay. Now, what to do if you're under stress? Number one, ask for help. Ask a second inspector to double check. Like I mentioned just a day. If you're so tired, you cannot do the job, you cannot make a decision, take your second help from your colleague,

You have another engineer, another pilot, another researcher. And ask them, is the decision I made correct? If he says correct, then go with it. Bring it to the organization management and openly discuss it. Okay, maybe in Korea, it's not so good to openly discuss. Alright, but you must have some form of

this question so that you can help to solve. Okay, so that is basically this. Time pressure and day. So how to manage time pressure and daylight? Prioritize the things that need to be done. The actual time available to carry out the work must also be calculated. The personnel are available throughout the job.

The most appropriate neutralization of stuff, ability of parts and special. I'll show you something that is important, it's this thing. Okay, not this one but... Okay, nevermind. I'll share with you. Now, one example here. Okay, I'll show you later this video as well. Of this Aloha and Light. Have you all heard before? Yes. Everyone in Korea, we have heard this Aloha and Light.

So do you all know what was the reason this happened? What was the reason? What was the cause? In your what should you know? They missed the... They missed the crack. The stick is crack. The stick is crack. So why did they miss the crack?

environment is with the salty condition, too much short time fright. Yes, okay, that's correct actually. Now let's take a look at this, then they don't want to explain why it actually happened.

The 737 has become the best-selling commercial aircraft in the nation's history. Over 10,737s have been sold. The accident airplane was number 152 of the production, delivered in May 1969.

The airplane was designed for a 20-year service life and 75,000 flights. This one had exceeded that number, though many were of short duration. Its fuselage was under constant stress because of pressurization. The fuselage of the airplane

It's actually breathing. It expands and detracts depending on altitude. When it's on the ground, it's in detractive status. When it's at altitude, 24,000 feet, the fuselage expands, so the airplane is constantly cycling. That's pressurization. That weakened the structure over a long period of time. Given the history of this airplane being a German

high-cycle airplane, that probably had something to do with reading the structure of the fuse function. With thousands of 737s taking to the skies every day, investigators need to be certain what made this one burst apart. In Washington, D.C., Jim Wiley is one of the NTSB's

his expertise as a metallurgist proves crucial. I got a call about 2 in the morning, middle of the night, from my boss, and there had been an accident in the White. They were putting a team together. I popped on a plane and went to White. He takes samples from the remaining fuselage and back on the left,

lab discovered something barely visible to the naked eye. Hairline cracks like this between the holes where rivets have been. On the Aloha airplane there's tell-tale discoloration inside the overlapping tools. Here is the final clue. You can see now where the dark material is the epoxy that was used on the two layers of the lab joint together. The light material you see here is corrosion paint of aluminum fish wash skin.

So the original intent was the stress that's trying to pull one skin away from the other skin. The stress would go through the bonding, not through the ribbons. Of course, as this thing becomes a disk bond, now the ribbons themselves are loaded, and especially this top row of ribbons, and this is the row of ribbons we think that had the fatigue cracking in it that led to the eventual opening of the roof structure on the Baroha 7.

The Hawaii climate with human and salt laden air helps corrosion to occur. But instead of grounding the airplanes for a nose to tail examination, Aloha has inspectors make occasional checks often at night when those on duty are least alert. Working under artificial intelligence,

light. Those tiny cracks is getting detached. These cracks go unrepair. Now you have an airplane that is a ticking time bomb. The witness saw cracking in this area. We found fatigue cracking back in here. So this is the line where the fatigue cracking joined up. One piece came down this way and pulled it off. The other piece went across the top and came off to the right side.

Okay, so let's take a look at this few slides, right? So how can something like this happen? So of course first is Aloha Airlines, Hawaii. So in Hawaii it's an island just like Jeju.

So because it's frequently flying over the water, and usually when we fly over this kind of condition, we have to do compressor washing. To clear the area in the engine away from this source. Because this source can cause corrosion.

Same goes to this egg, you know. Instead of corrosion there was crap because this egg craft flew too many times. Okay, so you all know what's the difference between... So you all know what's the difference between... Not looking.

Okay, that's right here. FC and FH. I don't know what is FC and FH. Yeah, flex cycle and the front are work. Okay, flex cycle. This is... Cycle. Cycle.

and flight hour. So what is the difference between flight cycle and flight hour? Flight cycle means take off and landing. Take off and landing. And they get numbers. When flight hour is in air to the landing. At that time it's a little bit of a flight time.

So flight cycle is how many takeoff, one takeoff, one landing is one flight cycle. Flight hour is how from here to the other destination, how long. So it's calculated that way. So because you can see the aircraft is constantly, the engine expanding on traffic, expanding on traffic. Why? Because of pressure.

All right, persuasions, expand, right. So an aircraft that, okay, let's say this aircraft has Fc-100,000, and another aircraft has 10,000,

flight hours. Okay, so 10,000 flight cycles and 10,000 flight hours. Aircraft A, aircraft B. Aircraft A, the pressure-ization rate expense on track is more than the flight hour aircraft. Why I say that?

Because flight hour, let's say I fly from Korea to Malaysia seven hours. I only expand and contract the cabin once in six hours. But for this aircraft, FC that has 10,000, it might be flying very short distance. That's why you can go up so high flight cycles. When you say take off landing one hour, take off landing, take off landing, take off landing, can become 10,000. So the aircraft in every hour,

X-man contract, one hour. Go again, expand contract. Go again, expand contract. So it's not good for the aircraft. Can't be. So what happens here is that this is the aircraft that happened. High flight cycle. But the problem is, if you look at the full video, is that they got no time to do inspection.

So they do it at night. So you can see the inspector using the magnifying glass to see there's an aircraft, but at night you know it's tired. And you need to use light. Okay, when you use a torchlight and you see at it, your eyes become tired. Because I mentioned yesterday, light is too bright.

get tired. Your eyes get tired. So he missed a crap. And that's why this... So these are human factors. Number one, because of time pressure. Next day I have to fly again. I don't have enough time to do inspection. I didn't work from home. Number two, he's doing it at night. That's why he missed that.

inspection. Number three, because this aircraft is a high flight cycle aircraft, that's why it is more susceptible to this kind of air force. So you can see, thank God no one died. Thank God. Okay. No one died. Or maybe one person. One right there. Camera crew. Very good. Right.

So, take one is still intact. So, you can see human factor plays a very important role in this case. Alright? So, that's why we have to be careful in such an incident. Alright? Constantly. Okay, so let's go. So, what you can see here is that,

the mechanics and inspectors look forced to perform under time pressure to ensure the flight is continuously flying off. Okay, so that happened, at least 10 lot, nothing happened. Alright, now when it comes to workload, in the Yerkes-Johnson curve, it says here performance and arousal. Performance means you do something, you perform.

Arousal means it keeps you happy. So in order for you to perform, you must have certain amount of arousal. Meaning when you do your work, you must have certain level of happiness. Because if you're not happy, you will not perform well.

You might say,"Okay, this job, I don't like it. So I take my time to do it. So I will not perform. But if this job, I like it, I do it faster because I like this job." Okay, so that's why it's important to balance between stress and also low or high stress.

Now, what happens if you are overloaded? These are the factors. What happens are the result. Omission and filtering. Ignoring some signs or responsibility that not seem as immediate, relevant or necessary. So when you have high workload, what happens is that you start to feel it off.

What is not important? So let's say if you go back to that incident, the inspector has to check the crap, but because of that time, what happens is he wants to sleep, he didn't quickly finish the job, so he didn't do a proper job. That is called omission and filtering. Reduce ability to think logically, so when you are high workload, you can't think logically

Queuing, delaying required action responses in hope that you were able to catch up as the pass-grace. So basically you delay your other jobs because you have hired a workload. Confirmation bias is the tendency to automatically confirm a decision when we make and ignore other information. Meaning you say that very simple, when we are doing exchange for example, we always tell

ourselves like this. If I tell myself, today I'm not going to find any defect, any problem, when you go and see a problem, you will say it's not a problem. Because in your mind, you already say that I do not want to find any problem because today is my wife's day. Or it's my son's birthday.

I cannot miss it. I cannot have extra job. So I want to check, make sure everything is okay. But if you see a crap, maybe not a crap. You close one hand. Because you want to go to celebrate your birthday with your wife or your child. So that is what we call as confirmation months. So that's why whenever we are doing a chore, we have to tell ourselves,

we must find a problem. So if you tell yourself that way, so that will help you to not have this kind of condition. Approximation near enough becomes good enough. For example, you have a crack. Okay, you have a crack. You have a crack.

What happens if you have a crack and you measure the crack? When you mention this name, you have to measure the crack. Let's say this crack is 20 cm. Crack. But the manual says 19.5 cm. Limit. Limit.

But your crack is 20 cm. So you want to go for your wife's birthday and your child's birthday. So you measure again. Measure again. Okay, 19.5. Pass. That is what we call as approximation. Almost that? Okay, no problem.

because of high workroom, for example. That will happen. Approximation. Regression. Pivoting to a previously well-learned procedure or action which may or may not be appropriate to the current task. Regression means you try to use a method that works for you before this to apply it to your current situation even though it's not related.

Okay, so that will help you to finish your job quickly. And that is no good because it's like a shortcut. It's not proper to see. So when you have high wood load, all of this can happen. When this happens, you might miss an effect. And the aircraft might not. Okay, that's why when you have high wood load, it's no good.

However, if you have under workload, under workload means no workload, too easy. You have no stress. So what happens if you have no stress? You can also, you need to find your job or you leave your job, simply leave your job. It can also happen.

So this we have already mentioned of the workload. Basically, if you have high workload, you must seek for help. Delegate the task. Delegate means give out the task to other people to do the job. So don't do it alone. Provide human factor training to those responsible for planning so that they know the location of their staff.

That is why we need to all go for human factor training so that we are aware of these things. That we humans can make mistakes and therefore we must be careful when we are planning and strong. Okay? Encouraging technician supervisor manages to recognize when an overload situation is really up. So when you feel that your stuff is getting overload,

you have to stop and distribute the job to others. Okay? So this is just another description of when you have optimum workload, just nice. You are creative, you are rational, you have problem-solving, you have satisfaction, progress and shame. So always remember, we must have a good job.

Just enough. Too much is no work. Okay, so this is the effects of high workload, which we have discussed earlier, so I'm not going to discuss. Okay, now the causes of high workload. What happens? Why do you have high workload? Maybe the task is too common. For example, I mentioned to you, you need four hours to complete the job.

too much time. Alright, Mr. Yin you might know, fan lubrication, fan blade lubrication. Takes a lot of time. So some tasks like this can be too long. That's too complicated. You get it's over and over. And then you have this one, you have to do EGR for example.

Another time, but I can't wait to depart at 8 o'clock in the morning. Now it's 6 o'clock, two more hours and to depart. How to finish? High work load. Poor task planning. You didn't plan it properly. Unexpected events. Suddenly you found a crack in the blade. You have to change the blade. A-oh. Right? High work load. That's why Mr. Yin has to work 24 hours.

A-O-G, right? Inadequate manning or high tempo. Not enough manpower. That's always the problem. Changing task requirements. System design access problem. So usually all of these can attribute to what we call as overload. Okay? Overload. So how do you manage overload?

As you can see here, this is something that I want to share. This is basically called the Eisenhower. It's called Eisenhower. Eisenhower is the 34th president of the United States. He had to make an important decision back then. So how do you manage your work?

How do you manage the workload? How do you manage the workload? Number one, ask yourself, is the task important and is the task urgent? So if the task is important and urgent, do it now.

If it's important and urgent, do it now. But if the task is important but not urgent, do it another time. Do it another time. It's not urgent but it's important, you have to do it yourself. But if the task is urgent,

but not important delegate. I need to say give it to somebody else to do it for me because it's not important. So you don't need to do it yourself. Lastly, not urgent, not important, delegate. Don't need to do it. Not important, not to do it.

So that is how you can manage the overall good effect. So if it's urgent and important, do it now. If it's urgent but not important, do it another time. But if it's urgent and not important, give it to somebody else. Do it. Not urgent, not important. So we give it to you.

So far, do you have a question? What is important to this issue? What is the second task that is your original input? Very good, Mr. P. So, for example, you are the person who has so many tasks to do. Okay. You have so many tasks to do as researchers, engineers, pilots. You have so many things to do.

or even as a parent there are so many things to do so you decide for yourself if it's urgent or important you decide if it's important and urgent you do it immediately if it's urgent but not important give it to somebody else so you decide yourself

Okay. So that is basically the Eisenhower box. Now the benefits of good workload or workload management, you reduce burnout, utilize your resources effectively.

work-life balance, always called it like work-life balance, and distributes the work fairly. It is a very important thing, distributes the work fairly. So if the job is not distributed fairly, your other staff might complain, "Why he has less to work? I have more."

So that sometimes becomes unfair and that can be found in office politics and become toxic. So we have to be careful at that. Alright, so that would be for workload management. So far is there any question for workload management? No question, right?

So maybe, just to break the tie or border, I have a twist for you now. So who do you think I look like in the Korean industry, K-pop industry?

if you can tell me the name who do I look like in the K1 singer I think I look like that person but I don't know whether you think so try to guess who do I look like

I can take a guess. Those online people can try. Take a guess. Who do I look like?

Oh my... Oh I don't like blue light. I don't look like anybody. Oh no. That's so cool. Say it. 10... 10... 10 cm? 10 cm. I'm not such a...

Never heard before but 1070 is... No, you don't disagree. Listen. 1070... A Korean band, right? I don't think so. I don't know. I didn't finish.

This one? This one. I don't know. I don't know. What do you think? A signal. Only signal? Yeah, only signal. I don't know. I don't know.

not comedy okay okay okay i give you a song dinosaur you think so you think so the guy i always think i look like it

I used to look my thing. When I was younger. AKM. I like their socks. You all like their socks? You like? I like their socks. Very different.

There's a little song, I think, for Spring. Very... sorry? Spring. Spring. Yeah, I look like it. There's actually this. You don't think I look like it? Maybe I should show you my younger picture. So I look like it.

I think I don't like you I don't know whether you look me No, really You're much better I don't like me at all I think you look better Yeah, so Just to break the ice So that Because I know you've looked yet So that is just to

get you to respond a bit. Alright? Because it's more like a night class. Okay. Alright. So that is when you feel tired. So you need something to chill you up. So when you start to respond, when you start to respond, that is when you will feel you're not so tired.

That's why my tip for you is if you have a class like this and you feel tired, you must do some activity or we call it interaction with your students so that they will feel normal or not. Alright, so when you feel tired because you have been sub-questioning, prolonged mental

physical work, shape work, extended period of stress, extended period of anxiety. So this is where you feel tired and it is caused by all of this, which we discussed earlier already, especially when you are working late night. Especially now, we can feel very, very tired. Okay, we feel very tired.

And what happens if you have your teeth tired, you decrease your decision making, you're not able to perform complex tasks, your communication breakdown, productivity, attention, able to handle stress, reaction time, recall, details, all increases. What increases? Risk taking. You want to take risk to finish the job quicker.

forget, errors in judgment, seek medical costs and accident rate. So all of these can attribute to the cause of fatigue. Okay. And most likely you have fatigue when you have a lot of repressed, evil, tired, less movement,

stress, pain in your body, cognitive symptoms, not able to remember things, muscular control, you get cramps, ability to laugh, not able to sleep, and you are very sensitive to noise. Especially when you are tired, you are very sensitive to noise, you feel very irritated. And that is when you are tired.

So if you're married, you'll understand this. If you're tired, then your wife or your partner, sorry, partner like this, you'll feel very irritated easily, especially when you're tired. So that's why people say when you're tired, you should never...

have a conversation. You have to take a break. When you rest, well rested, then only you communicate. Then that is effective communication. Because when you argue and you are tired, nothing is going so. Same as human factor. Because when we are tired, we cannot communicate

They saw you have to take care of me and that is very good. True story. When me and my wife argued, when I'm tired especially, I learned to say we will not discuss anything so that we can have peace. So that after that only me, and I'm not so tired, then we can communicate. Because I cannot think that's my weakness.

When I'm tired, I cannot think. When I cannot think, when you tell me to make a decision, I cannot make a decision. And that is where I will feel very angry. Right? So remember this. When you're tired, it's best that you rest. Okay? So tips for all: Eat healthy, good diet,

Exercise regularly, 7-8 hours of sleep. Impossible also, but we have to. Stay positive, avoid driving when we are tired. Avoid excessive noise. Okay? Advice for the management: Promote good working environment. Meaning you see that? I'm not sure in Korea whether you promote

sleeping during working hours. Basically you have about one hour to sleep. Do you have that for it? So good working environments, you have everything that staff needs. For example, you have food, you have drinks, hot drinks, at least they can take a break. And then you

Very job task to eliminate repetitive or long periods or boredom of work. When you say this, usually, for example, if you're doing that task too many times, what happens to you if you do the same job many, many times? What do you think happened?

to you. Do you feel happy or do you feel bored? Bored, you feel bored. Bored, you feel bored. Same thing, no challenge. Right? No challenge. So when you have no challenge, you feel bored, you will not do the job properly. When you do not do your job properly, defects can be missed.

problems can be missed. And that is why usually in aviation, when we talk about human frankly, usually when that particular person does the job for let's say a month, right, two months, maybe one week, he do the same job every day, the same task every day,

The next week, we give him an artist. So he has a new challenge so that he won't become bored. When he doesn't become bored, he will be careful in one year. That is what we call as varying job tasks. Change the middle of us. Especially if you are a manager, you have to do that for your staff. So if they are doing the same job over and over again, they become so good at it, so good out, very good. He do the job for a fact, but when he becomes bored,

he can make a mistake because he doesn't care, because he knew that it's too easy. So you must change the job so that, give him another task, or her another task, so that they finish at it, so that they will take it seriously. That is a tip for everybody. Incorporate and encourage taking breaks. But don't be like Malaysia. We have 10:30 break, 12:30 break, 3:30 break.

Do you have that so many breaks? Four weeks. Four weeks. Just a... Lunch break. Two times. Two times. You get a lot of lunch. Start work at 9, break at 10:30, continue work, break at 12:30, continue work, break at 13:30. When is it?

Why? When you work, I can tell you in Especial. On a Friday, I will bring times from 12:00 to 2:00. 12:00 to 2:00. 12:00 to 2:00. Why? Because the Muslims have to pray. Ah, the Muslims have to pray on Friday.

So we have a longer break. Only for the guys to go pray. But the girls, 2 hours. The Muslim girls, they don't need to go to the mosque to pray. Then they go to the food and the topic. That's the issue in the nation. So like I said, the nation is very relaxed. So if you feel stressed,

come to Malaysia. And we call it Chuti Chuti Malaysia means Chuti Chuti means holiday. Holiday in Malaysia. Right? Trade workers are getting enough rest and how to achieve work-life balance. Introduce shorter shift and montage shift in the direction of the sun. Now the word news to reset is to walk.

So, not necessarily you have to keep working, it will go better but you need some rest so that you can move further. Okay, so that would be for that part. Any questions? No questions? Okay, let's see what's the time. Alright. Now, let's discuss this about shift mode.

So shift work, what is shift work? Shift work is basically doing shift. Usually a shift is 12 hours. But in Korea, shift is 8 hours or 12 hours or no shift. I believe there is shift, but what is your hours in shift? Anyone knows?

8 hours? 8 hours Typically 8 hours Is that short? 8 hours Even in the airport Maintainers We got a 3 ship 3 ship? 8 hours? 1 ship? 1 ship Very good

I want to work in Korean. 12 hours is tiring. 12 hours. For the pilots, what is your FBP? 12 hours or 8 hours? Is that FBP? The limit that you can fly into? 8 hours. 8 hours? Ah. But I challenge my role is we don't work more than the 12 hours. Not more than 12 hours. This is a limitation. You can go maximum travel is bad.

In the local practice, it's eight hours. Very good. I'm also encouraging you. Of course. In Malaysia, two shifts. One shift for a house. Two rounds. Very good. Very good. Seven in the morning, seven at night. Seven at night, seven morning. I do. Trails.

I said I know because they asked me can I do a night class. I said can, no problem. But then they look at me and say no. Is it not hard? Okay, because I work 12 hours before at night, no problem. But it's very tiny. To me it's not. So 8 hours is just.

So I don't know what you call it. Okay. Caliguria, okay. Now, you can see that three shapes is the math. Now, the word in ring is called circadian rhythm. Do you know what's circadian rhythm? Have you heard before the word circadian rhythm? Say it? Wow.

Body rhythm, yes. Or you can call it body clock. Or you can call it biological clock. Body clock. Meaning you say that, at certain times, you feel tired. And you can see here, right, circadian rhythm, at 3 in the morning, you see, it's very low. Meaning you say that your body feels very tired.

But it's the best at about 3 p.m. You are very alert. Alright? So this is our body circadian rhythm. At night, you're supposed to sleep. Morning, you're supposed to work. So when you work at night at 3 a.m. Because you know what? It's so cold and it's so dark.

and you have to do work. That's why I told you 3am, my eyes closed, but I had to do work and then really, really, really, no joke, no joke. Tainer starts now, very dangerous, but I got no choice. Alright? So at this point, you're sleeping, but I'm working. Right? So you can see here. That's why when you're doing a night shift, it's the most dangerous. That's why people, when you're doing a night shift, you do not get like heavy.

two heavy tasks, you give them one direct task. Not too long because they might be tired. So that's why, be careful. And if you want to give job heavy tasks, give it in the morning, if possible. So that you can perform. That is Sankar Nye.

really now the topic alcohol in korea i can say this but in malaysia i cannot say because in korea my class mainly sleep you don't drink okay so it doesn't happen to sleep in malaysia all right so alcohol is very very dangerous why is because if you drink too much

it will cause your brain not to be able to think properly. Alright? To think properly. So, if you have 0.01 to 0.05 of alcohol content in your body, not too bad. You're still sober. You can think. Euphoria, when you have a bit more, you lose judgment. Alright?

And you have too much become excited. Ah, keep laughing. If too much confusion, you feel like what is happening among you. Unable to walk and you cannot walk properly. And you too much become a coma and you can also die. Okay, so fun fact. Yesterday I tried your soul, Juna.

I mean, I drink sometimes, but I drink so much one bottle by myself. So I slowly drink, slowly drink. Problem with soju is, you drink is like nothing, that bottle. But after that, it becomes really heavy. Is it, do you think you're saying? It slowly gets to your head, right? So as I say, I drink one bottle and I feel a bit busy.

One bottle. So that is what happens when you take too much alcohol. Your body feels unable to make judgement. So that is the problem here. So in definition, we cannot have alcohol before we do our job. Especially pilots, even more, we cannot.

Especially some recently in some other countries, they do alcohol tests before the pilot takes the plane. They found that to be positive alcohol content. And that is dangerous because they might not make the proper judgment when they are bringing the crew. Alright? So you can see here, sober, basically when you're still able to

response and this is influenced by alcohol and you are intoxicated, too much alcohol. What can happen if you have too much alcohol? You're not able to speak properly. You are not able to balance yourself. Your appearance looks like your eyes become red, tired and sleepy. Your behavior becomes very weird.

And some people after they drink too much alcohol, they sleep. Right, correct. Some of them, they like to talk too much. So it all depends on the individual. But it's also dangerous because when you're working in aviation, it's dangerous when you're making it easy. Okay? But not only alcohol.

You look at sleeping tablets if you are what you call sick or you cannot sleep, you take sleeping tablets. Yes, you cannot. Antidepressant can also cause you to be unable to make decisions. Antibiotics delay any work.

Anti-histamine make you feel drowsy. Anti-histamine is basically when you have flu. You take anti-histamine, it can make you feel tired, drowsy. Capulose, for example, over dosage might cause you to have busyness. Drugs for high blood pressure can cause you to immorate. So that fit is to, you have nose block, you use that can have a side effect, basically you have a leg. So when you take medication,

Be careful because you might not be able to make a problem. Okay, so we will take a break now. A short break before we go to our last portion. Okay, so let's come back at around the same time.

correct this. They put a blank on the apex hole. So now people accidentally put in the hole, cannot put because there's a blank. So then they will put it at the hole, the second hole. So people thought the Lufthansa is the same.

They put in the wrong holes. But however, yes, however, the report tells us like this. The report tells us like this. After the aircraft has been lifted, the airfield or Pinox-Sawas BFU or the landing gear, the downlock pin was not inserted into the designated hold on the nose landing gear and was not in the vicinity of the nose landing gear either.

See, after they lift up, they cannot find the pin. Where was the pin? Inside the airboymate compartment. But they found, 4 other landing gear download pins were properly installed in the 2 main landing gear.

That means somebody forgot to put the pin in the nose landing gear, but put in the main landing gear. To me, it doesn't make sense to put in more landing gears. Alright? So what happened was the nose collapsed because they were doing some work. Can I just show you something here?

I want to show you the profile of the MGS. This report is good, you can go home and read because there's a lot of information. Okay, there you go. Main heavens person. At the time of the incident, two technicians were in a conflict.

They divided tasks so that one was reading the instructions, the other with the handbook, and the other carry out that. So one reading, the other one carried out. Alright, fine. The reader sat on the right hand side. The 45-year-old technician held a Part 66 license issued in 2024 by Luftwaffe.

A category A1 and B1.1. B1.1 is an engineer. It is. It's okay. Valid until 2 is due to A. His type rating is 777. No problem. Alright, but quite new since 2018. Quite new. That is the on the right hand side. The reader.

The left-hand side, 61-year-old, more experienced guy you see. TC1, left-hand side performing the tasks. Has a license, Tech A and also a Tech B, one license. Look at that, how many? 320, 330, 340, 7374, 777, very experienced.

Okay. And then we have another support staff, a 37-year employee, downstead. It was in April. Close to the no standing gear. Thank God he didn't. They crashed on him. Very late because he might die. So, what actually happened is,

They are doing tasks related to the Rose Land, to the Landing Guild. So the Landing Guild, let's read, sorry, one more thing. Okay, this is the memo. Okay, this is the memo. So remember, what I mentioned yesterday is important about the memo. What must we refer?

Revision. Revision. Revision. Revision. Revision. Revision. Revision. Revision. Revision. 17 April 26. 5 million. 5 million. Right should be new. So what it says here? They were doing a FIF. For isolation.

Alright? Sheep the personnel away from the door, close at the main landing gear. The door open and cause damage. Thank God the person was not at the close landing gear. Alright? So make sure the landing gear control lever is down. Set the ground test switch to enable. Open the circuit breaker. Install the landing gear pins. They did not install the close landing gear pins. Problem number one.

Make sure the area is clear, pressurize the hydro to 5000 psi 5000 psi for 15 seconds and then use the CMCF to perform this test Push the lock override button before you move the landing gear control We need to see, override, we are going to put the landing gear to retract

So what happens? The lining here, go up. But if you have the pill, it won't go up. So the main lining here did not go up. But the nose and the lining here went up. And it collapsed. So you see, huh? So number two, the person reading the instruction,

did not notice the landing gear pin not installed. Maybe the person down there forgot, but they did not check. Okay? So there you go, this is the picture. It's supposed to be inserted. It wasn't inside. So this is actually a human term. Even though you are experienced, but you might make the mistake, or you might trust,

your technicians to do the job, but they did not do it, maybe. Alright? So these are all human factors. Even though you have a checklist, but we still make that mistake. So it's always good, they actually did it very well. One person read, one person move. But the person must check with the ground,

This is the groundlocking source. So as engineers we're very scared because anything like this happened, caused very dangerous. So this, thank God no one died, just the aircraft. So this is actually a very important lesson for us to know that human factor is it. Checklist is number one. But checklist can fail because if you don't follow the checklist,

it will happen so okay very good thanks so far anything to add yeah that choice our company is making the sound uh well protection that mistake uh all ending here is in the carpet

in the store, yeah, store, it's a pin. Yeah, pin, pin is in the carpet, it's always checked out. Yes. People, the variety is kept in, also you check that out, yeah. Yes, but just making the dead fall, nose and main landing here, black pinball, making the paint, paint, color, color, color, color, color.

It's very easy to find better And another one is As you see the upper speed The upper speed is a cap pin Cap pin, okay Very good So how do we prevent this? It's by applying those

But the color there so people can see clearly where is the hole. So that is one way we can overcome this limitation. So this is a very good study for us today and the latest one about human error. So what do you think is the problem here? Who is the problem?

The first is the first, uh, does not check the recheck banner. That's what we check. Two, yeah, two, really two. Okay, correct. Number one, need not check, recheck. Okay, correct. Any more? The design, the design.

Any more? Any more? Um... There's... Atto! Who moved the lever? Who moved the lever? Okay. On the ground. On the ground? Okay. Atto! But the manual is okay. No problem. Because it's easier. No problem.

So, maybe number three, overcome. So the person doing the job, all confident that nothing will happen. Overcome because he experienced, you know, and then it will be fine. So he didn't check. So correct, he did not recheck. Even though people say they did, but no one rechecked his work because we all make mistakes.

I think the solution is to put the landing gear pins in the cockpit. So when you put in the cockpit, the person can straight away check, are the pins there or not? Okay, so that is the easiest. And every time, every flight, pilot will check, okay, pins, then fly, then okay, okay, fine. If not, no flight.

So that is one way we can help to prevent this overconfident. Make sure if you're overconfident, get someone to recheck your work. And perhaps maybe the other one is the design. The designers have to design something even better. Don't put it in the avoiding compartment.

the landing gear pits. No one can see too far back. You see how they had to open the door. You see, you have to go through the air-boiled compartment. You have to open the door to get the pit. A lot of steps. Remember that I mentioned a few days ago,

I have to go to the library to check or I have computer to check easier. If the procedure is going to the library, walk across the road to find the manual, very far, I don't want to go so far. I use my shortcut to finish the job. So that's why if you make things hard, human

is to take a shortcut. So when you take a shortcut, I must climb up and open this door and go inside to take the pin too much work. I don't want to check. I don't want to do it. That is also a problem. So that's why you shouldn't put it in this location. Put it in a cockpit much easier. I agree with you, Mr. Hain.

So this is how you can apply human factor into a situation. You prevent it happening by change the design, change the location, ask someone to double check, work. Then you can prevent such things from happening. So this...

Wow switch. Wow switch. What's happening? It's a final, I think it's much better than the wow switch. Because it's a

That case is, several times we can show a hard about that. Ah. Okay, okay. Much better. Yeah, much better. Exactly. Because it's, who is known, who is unknown? We don't know. Yes. Because that's much better. I think so.

That's why even though we don't do a landing gear refraction test, we do any maintenance landing gear pin number one, first one, doesn't matter what task. The manual will always say, put the landing gear pin. Does not matter what task. That is a safety precaution to prevent something like this.

And also the worst case before we end today's class. People forget to remove the pinch. Aircraft flying. Landing here cannot be threatened. Throw away the field. Dumb field. Three hours later, come back. Heaven. Heaven. Caused a lot of money. So these are all human error.

because we forget, because of pressure, because of OTP. That's why my company last time happened before landing gear cannot retract. Logbook must always write, remove, install landing gear pin, must also remove landing gear pin before aircraft. So that is to prevent

that's not happening. However, people, before they remove the big, already sign off. So how? Happen or so? So you see, human likes to take short. So that's why, how much we do, we can reduce, we can never remove human error.

we can reduce. In Air Force, there is a prevention system that when in the ground blocking or safe is now removed, the alarm is ringing and when the effort is started to exit the updates.

yeah so there is a detection system in the air force hopefully one day it's a billion aircraft maybe you design I don't know that's a good one and another example is like the engine fan car

we forget to latch so in Airbus they design many many designs they have what they call a proximity sensor giving an indication that my latch is not latched properly or I have a flag that shows me if my

doors are not latched, the flag comes out, happens to help you to know that the van is not closed. So this is to prevent error from you. Okay? But human is camped against the old. Yes, we are very creative. We are very creative.

We can like this, you know, like a snake. That's human. So we are improving every time that we go. That's why we have human factors. Okay, so with that, I think our time is up. Tomorrow is a long day, so have a good rest tonight. I will see tomorrow at 9, right? 9 is 9. Same place.

so those online I'll see you tomorrow if you're coming physically I'll invite you to come physically as well so we'll see you tomorrow at 9 o'clock